Passage 2
Early Developments in American Economy Early American industries depended largely on skilled artisans working in small shops to serve a local market. But the Industrial Revolution that started in England during the 18 century did not take long to cross the Atlantic. It brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. Because labor was scarce in the United States and wages were high, employers welcomed any new method that could reduce the requirement for labor.
One key development was the introductic of the factory system which gathered many workers together in one workplace and produced goods for distribution over a wide area. The first factory in the United States is generally dated to 1793, when an Englishma named Samuel slater came to America to build cotton cloth factory. He built the machinery from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of Slater's factory started process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center. The making of textiles also meant increased demand for cotton, grown in the southern region for the United States. As a result, the nation became a major cotton producer.
Another important development was the "American system" of mass production, which originated in the firearms industry about 1800. The new system required precision engineering to create parts that were intercha.this, in return, allowed the final product to be assembled in stages, each worker specializing in a specific operation.
Just as Slater's new factory system was being introduced, an American named Eli Whitney made cotton production more efficient by inventing a machine-the cotton gin-that rapidly removed the seeds from the boils of cotton. Removing the seeds by hand was a difficult task; Whitney's machine made the job almost easy.
Whitney also began manufacturing rifles in a new way. Guns had always been made by gun makers working in their homes or small shops. Because the guns were handmade individually, a part from one gun would not necessarily fit another gun. Whitney began making guns with machinery, so that all the parts were the same in each gun. This method of manufacturir goods in a factory, with interchangeable parts, helped to advance American industry.
In1913, the automaker Henry Ford introduced the“moving assemblyline. This was variation on the earlier practice of continuous assembly. By improving efficiency, it made possible a major saving in labor costs. A new breed of industrial managers began the careful study of factory operations with the aim of finding the most efficient ways of organizing tasks. Their concepts of "scientific management" helped to lower the costs of production still further. Lower costs made possible both higher wages for workers and lower prices for consumers. More and more Americans were gaining the ability to purchase products made in the United States. During the first half of the 20th century, mass production of consumer goods such as cars, refrigerators and kitchen ranges helped to revolutionize the ways in which Americans lived.
The first factory in the United States was ____
A、built by an American engineer named Henry Ford
B、built by an American named Eli Whitney
C、built by an Englishman who built it from memory
D、built by an American who wanted to build cotton cloth factory
【正确答案】：C
【名师解析】:根据题目内容，美国第一家工厂是由一位名叫塞缪尔·斯莱特（Samuel Slater）的英国人建立的。斯莱特被称为"美国工厂系统的奠基人"，他于1793年来到美国，凭借记忆中的工厂设备设计，建立了一个生产棉布的工厂。因为当时英国法律禁止将工厂设备带出国外，斯莱特只能依靠记忆来重建机器。他的成功开启了美国工业化的进程，使东北部地区成为重要的制造业中心。因此，正确答案是选项C：由一位英国人建造，他是凭记忆建造的。
