How to Raise a Moral Robot
In the future, humans will create more intelligent and more moral robots than those portrayed in the recent film Chappie. What the film touches on is perhaps the greatest challenge of raising moral robots. The toughest part is how to safely integrate robots into society. As is known, humans are the most powerful learning machines on Earth. If robots are to be part of human society, they have to become at least second best at learning. Is it possible for humans to produce moral robot learners?
More and more scientists of artificial intelligence (AI) agree that true intelligence comes from learning，not just from programming. With a growing number of machine learning approaches available, robots can take in new information. They turn that information into instructions and learn from feedback to adjust actions in the ever-changing environments. Robot learning, however, must have limits If scientists succeed in building sophisticated robots that can learn, they will have to establish limits to how robots
learn. If robots are allowed to learn anything they can and want, they may become
brutal bullies Therefore, programmers must set rules and laws that prohibit them
from learning anything socially undesirable. One approach to that problem is democratic robot learning. Programmers write a small number of fundamental norms into the robot，and let it learn the
remaining ones. These fundamental norms will include prevention of harm,
especially to humans, but also politeness and respect. The norms will then be
translated into behavior, for example, what it means to be polite in a particular
context. They also define conditions under which one fundamental norm can
replace another. It' s OK, for instance, to drop politeness when a robot tries to save
someone from harm. Democratic robot learning would also guide a robot in dealing with contradictory teachers. Say one person tries to teach the robot to share, and another tries to teach it to steal. In that ease，the robot should ask the whole community which teacher it should listen to. After all，the norms and morals of a community are typically held by the majority of members in that community. This approach would also prevent robots from learning something evil in human society. Humans are generally cooperative and kind towards those whom they consider part of their group, but they can become wicked and cruel towards
those outside their groups If robots learn such hostile sentiments and evil actions,
they may very well become a threat to humanity. Take robots in some
science-fiction films for example. They get out of human control, turn their
human masters into slaves, and even kill them. If those horrible scenes come into
reality, it would be a disaster to mankind.
Somehow, society will have to protect robots from continuing dark human heritage. If successful, robots will be helpful to humanity as a whole-lending a hand in production, health care, education and elder care. That is what AI scientists should pursue, and those are the moral robots human society should raise.【正确答案】：
I. INTRODUCTION: (PARAGRAPH 1)
A. IT' S CHALLENGING FOR HUMANS TO RAISE MORAL ROBOTS.
B. THESIS: TO BE PART OF HUMAN SOCIETY, ROBOTS HAVE TO BECOME GOOD MORAL
II. TRUE INTELLIGENT ROBOTS CAN LEARN, BUT WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES SET BY HUMANS. (PARAGRAPHS 2-3)
A. ROBOTS CAN LEARN TO ADJUST THEIR ACTIONS.
B. LIMITS MUST BE SET FOR ROBOTS TO SLAY AWAY FROM ANYTHING UNDESIRABLE.
III. DEMOCRATIC ROBOT LEARNING APPROACH HELPS TO MAKE ROBOTS MORAL. (PARAGRAPHS 4-6)
A. ROBOTS LEARN FUNDAMENTAL NORMS.
B. ROBOTS LEARN TO DEAL WITH CONFLICTING INSTRUCTIONS.
C. ROBOTS LEARN TO STAY AWAY FROM SOMETHING EVIL.
IV. CONCLUSION： HUMANS NEED TO RAISE TRUSTWORTHY AND TRULY HELPFUL ROBOTS. (PARAGRAPH 7) 
【题目解析】：I. Introduction: (Paragraph 1) A. It' s challenging for humans to raise moral robots. B. Thesis: To be part of human society, robots have to become good moral II. True intelligent robots can learn, but within the boundaries set by humans. (Paragraphs 2-3) A. Robots can learn to adjust their actions. B. Limits must be set for robots to slay away from anything undesirable. III. Democratic robot learning approach helps to make robots moral. (Paragraphs 4-6) A. Robots learn fundamental norms. B. Robots learn to deal with conflicting instructions. C. Robots learn to stay away from something evil. IV. Conclusion： Humans need to raise trustworthy and truly helpful robots. (Paragraph 7)